<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Ruth Institute Blog &#187; Assisted Suicide</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.ruthblog.org/category/euthanasia/assisted-suicide-euthanasia/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://www.ruthblog.org</link>
	<description>An intellectual climate favorable to marriage</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 08 Sep 2010 18:12:50 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=3.0.1</generator>
		<item>
		<title>Four Moral Issues</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/06/12/four-moral-issues/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/06/12/four-moral-issues/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jun 2010 23:20:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Abortion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gay and Lesbian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homosexuality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hook-up]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jennifer Roback Morse]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pregnancy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[morality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Same Sex Marriage]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=2816</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[According to Gallup&#8217;s recent Values and Beliefs survey, Americans are &#8220;sharply divided&#8221; on 4 issues: doctor-assisted suicide, homosexual relations, abortion, and out-of-wedlock childbearing.  Close to half of us perceive these activities in particular as &#8220;morally acceptable;&#8221; close to half disagree and find them &#8220;morally wrong.&#8221;  (The survey asked about 16 behaviors; these were the most [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/06/12/four-moral-issues/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Mercy killing? Never. I&#8217;ll always fight like a lioness for my darling boy&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/mercy-killing-never-ill-always-fight-like-a-lioness-for-my-darling-boy/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/mercy-killing-never-ill-always-fight-like-a-lioness-for-my-darling-boy/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 23:48:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=1581</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The doctor mentioned in my previous post ought to have a long chat with this woman. By Victoria Moore The moment I hear Elisabeth Shepherd&#8217;s voice on the phone I think she sounds like just the sort of person you would want looking after you if you were ill. Down-to-earth, energetic and warm she reminds me [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/mercy-killing-never-ill-always-fight-like-a-lioness-for-my-darling-boy/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>“There will be casualties”</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/%e2%80%9cthere-will-be-casualties%e2%80%9d/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/%e2%80%9cthere-will-be-casualties%e2%80%9d/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2010 23:37:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=1577</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Killing oneself is becoming far too easy. Instead of letting them give up, can&#8217;t we help these people be happier and healthier? The suicide doctor mentioned in the article below, is far too glib when it comes to &#8220;euthanasia.&#8221; Glad people actually noticed. It&#8217;s disturbing. Michael Cook Euthanasia activists in Australia, the UK and the Netherlands [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/02/22/%e2%80%9cthere-will-be-casualties%e2%80%9d/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Montana allows assisted suicide</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/01/08/montana-allows-assisted-suicide/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/01/08/montana-allows-assisted-suicide/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Jan 2010 23:28:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=1007</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#8217;m shocked, and saddened. I expected more from Montana. Michael Cook, BioEdge.com The state of Montana has become the third US jurisdiction to allow doctors to participate in assisted suicide. In a 4-3 decision, its Supreme Court held that state law protects doctors from prosecution for helping terminally ill patients die. However, the decision does [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2010/01/08/montana-allows-assisted-suicide/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Suicide kits as Christmas presents?</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/12/29/suicide-kits-as-christmas-presents/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/12/29/suicide-kits-as-christmas-presents/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Dec 2009 23:21:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=907</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[What happened to being happy to be alive? What&#8217;s with making it seem worthless and useless to be old? &#8220;Oh, I hear you&#8217;re 70 now. Here&#8217;s a special pill for you.&#8221; Good grief!     Michael Cook, BioEdge.org Australian euthanasia activist Dr Philip Nitschke is a busy man in the frantic days before the holiday [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/12/29/suicide-kits-as-christmas-presents/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The puzzle of human dignity</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/28/the-puzzle-of-human-dignity/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/28/the-puzzle-of-human-dignity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 21:09:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=718</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Margaret Somerville, Mercatornet.com Both sides of the euthanasia debate claim to be advancing the cause of human dignity. Whom should we believe? Euthanasia advocates argue respect for human dignity requires that euthanasia be legalized and opponents of euthanasia argue exactly the opposite, that respect for human dignity requires it remain prohibited. In short, the concept [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/28/the-puzzle-of-human-dignity/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Swiss establish &#8216;restrictions&#8217; on assisted suicide</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/swiss-establish-restrictions-on-assisted-suicide/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/swiss-establish-restrictions-on-assisted-suicide/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 23:38:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[switzerland]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=698</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Charlie Butts &#8211; OneNewsNow - Switzerland has earned a reputation for suicide tourism. Although assisted suicide is technically illegal in the country, it is tolerated if the person assisting is not doing so for personal profit. But the reputation has prompted the Swiss to crack down, according to media reports. Rita Marker, head of the International [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/swiss-establish-restrictions-on-assisted-suicide/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Would euthanasia damage doctors?</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/would-euthanasia-damage-doctors/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/would-euthanasia-damage-doctors/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 22:53:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[doctors]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=677</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Margaret Somerville, Mercatornet.com Legalising euthanasia will have incalculable consequences for healthcare professionals. Last week, the Quebec College of Physicians and Surgeons tentatively approved euthanasia. That means it&#8217;s essential that we look, specifically, at the impact that euthanasia would have on physicians and the profession of medicine, in order to understand why this approval is a [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/24/would-euthanasia-damage-doctors/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Have death panels already arrived?</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/20/have-death-panels-already-arrived/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/20/have-death-panels-already-arrived/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 21:27:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Health Care]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pro-life Movement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social Services]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[death panel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nurses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Obama]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[obamacare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pro-life]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=643</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nancy Valko, Mercatornet.com The case against: an experienced nurse worries that Obamacare will entrench an existing quality-of-life ethic.  Medical ethics are concerned with care for a patient’s welfare, something huge institutions are not very good at. The controversy about &#8220;death panels&#8221; in proposed health care reform legislation is to be expected. As a nurse, despite [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/20/have-death-panels-already-arrived/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Make life the only choice</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/make-life-the-only-choice/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/make-life-the-only-choice/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 19:12:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dr. Kevorkian]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=582</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Barbara Kay, National Post They don’t call it the scary-sounding “Hemlock Society” any more. The new name is “Compassion and Choices.” Under this cuddly rubric, bespoke death is now endorsed by respected society matrons and politicians as euthanasia’s version of Planned Parenthood. The once-reviled euthanasia obsessional — and criminal — Dr. Kevorkian, is raking in [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/make-life-the-only-choice/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>British mother asks court to turn off her infant’s machine</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/british-mother-asks-court-to-turn-off-her-infant%e2%80%99s-machine/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/british-mother-asks-court-to-turn-off-her-infant%e2%80%99s-machine/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Nov 2009 19:08:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[babies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethical code]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=579</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Michael Cook, BioEdge &#8220;Amicably separated&#8221; parents in Britain are at loggerheads over whether to let their disabled 13-month-old son die. RB, as the boy is called to protect the family&#8217;s privacy, has congenital myasthenia syndrome, a rare neuromuscular condition that prevents him from breathing on his own and severely restricts his power to move his [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/11/british-mother-asks-court-to-turn-off-her-infant%e2%80%99s-machine/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Swiss to curb suicide clinics</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/swiss-to-curb-suicide-clinics/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/swiss-to-curb-suicide-clinics/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 20:43:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=470</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Michael Cook, BioEdge Swiss suicide clinics are facing a crackdown. Justice Minister Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf says either the clinics will have to accept much tougher regulations or they will be closed down. A bill will come before parliament in March. Under the new regulations, patients would have to present two medical opinions declaring their disease incurable; [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/swiss-to-curb-suicide-clinics/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The euthanasia debate resurfaces</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/the-euthanasia-debate-resurfaces/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/the-euthanasia-debate-resurfaces/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2009 20:37:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Canada]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=464</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Margaret Somerville Mercatornet.com There are deeply-rooted cultural reasons why the Western world returns again and again to euthanasia as a solution to the problems of suffering and death. Euthanasia is back on the agenda in Canada. The first hour of debate on a “euthanasia bill”, Bill C-384, has already taken place in Parliament and a [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/11/03/the-euthanasia-debate-resurfaces/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Poll “shows” Quebec specialists favour euthanasia</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/21/poll-%e2%80%9cshows%e2%80%9d-quebec-specialists-favour-euthanasia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/21/poll-%e2%80%9cshows%e2%80%9d-quebec-specialists-favour-euthanasia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 20:38:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=375</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Michael Cook A poll released this week claims that three-quarters of medical specialists in Québec are in favour of euthanasia. More than 2,000 of them were surveyed in the Ipsos Descarie poll, with 75% declaring that they were &#8220;certainly&#8221; or &#8220;probably&#8221; in favour of legalizing euthanasia, as long as the practice were strictly regulated. The [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/21/poll-%e2%80%9cshows%e2%80%9d-quebec-specialists-favour-euthanasia/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Euthanasia &#8216;favourable&#8217; to Quebec MDs: survey</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/14/euthanasia-favourable-to-quebec-mds-survey/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/14/euthanasia-favourable-to-quebec-mds-survey/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Oct 2009 19:13:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=294</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By Charles Lewis, National Post Amending the Criminal Code to make euthanasia legal in Canada would likely gain the support of three-quarters of Quebec&#8217;s medical specialists, says a new survey that is the latest chapter in a growing debate on physician-assisted suicide. The Quebec Federation of Medical Specialists, which represents more than 8,700 physicians in [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/14/euthanasia-favourable-to-quebec-mds-survey/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>“Unlawful” for doctors to save depressed woman from suicide</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/%e2%80%9cunlawful%e2%80%9d-for-doctors-to-save-depressed-woman-from-suicide/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/%e2%80%9cunlawful%e2%80%9d-for-doctors-to-save-depressed-woman-from-suicide/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 18:23:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=267</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[by Michael Cook Doctors were right to allow a 26-year-old woman to die after swallowing antifreeze because she had made a living will, a British coroner has found. Before her death in September 2007 Kerrie Wooltorton had swallowed antifreeze nine times. Each time, however, she had accepted dialysis treatment to flush the poison from her [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/%e2%80%9cunlawful%e2%80%9d-for-doctors-to-save-depressed-woman-from-suicide/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>UK moves towards clarity on assisted suicide</title>
		<link>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/uk-moves-towards-clarity-on-assisted-suicide/</link>
		<comments>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/uk-moves-towards-clarity-on-assisted-suicide/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 18:07:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Betsy</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Assisted Suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euthanasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[assisted suicide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britain]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ruthblog.org/?p=262</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Britons who want to help ill or dying loved-ones commit suicide find it easier now. The Director of Public Prosecutions, Keir Starmer, has clarified when he will prosecute for assisted suicide. However, he insists that this move in no way supports euthanasia. This development comes after the House of Lords backed calls for clarity on [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.ruthblog.org/2009/10/08/uk-moves-towards-clarity-on-assisted-suicide/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
	</channel>
</rss>

<!-- Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: http://www.w3-edge.com/wordpress-plugins/

Minified using disk
Page Caching using disk (enhanced) (user agent is rejected)
Database Caching 5/14 queries in 0.061 seconds using disk

Served from: www.ruthblog.org @ 2010-09-09 09:16:47 -->